Automatic Analog Computer Control by Means of Punched Cards — "CRESSIDA I"
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fAUlOMATIC
. ANALOG COMPUTER CONTROL BY ME4NS 0
PUNCHED CARDS c "CRESSIDA I"
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[Armand
Van Wauve
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UCCESSION NUMBER)
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IPAGESI
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(CODE)
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(NASA CR OR T U X OR A D NUMBER)
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Tramlation of:Fontrole automatique des calculateurs analogiques 2 l ' a i d e
I"3
de c a r t e s perforgs,
"CRESSIDA
EXJRATOM, C.C.R.
Ispra, CETIS Report No. 46, April 1962.
4
.
EXRATOM - C.C.R.
ISPRA
Centre de Traitement de 1'Information Scientifique
F-
Lscientific i d o r m a t i o n Data fiocessing Center]
~
AUTOM4TIC ANAIXX; COMPUTER CONTROL BY MEANS OF
PUNCHED CARDS
-- "CRESSIDA I"
by
Armand VAN WAUVE
r
C E T I S Report No.
April 1962
46
Analog Computation
D i g i t a l C omputa tion
t
.
FOREWORD
Within the framework of the C E T I S project f o r coupling analog
and d i g i t a l computers i n a single system, t h e stage of s t a t i c coupling
has so f a r been represented by t h e automatic d i g i t a l processing of the
physical equations f o r d i r e c t analog insertion.
This processing, the "abstract" input medium f o r which was the
APACHE code punched on cards and passed through an IBM 7 0 9 , provided
a l i s t i n g of the equations analyzed.
A compilation of the r e s u l t s w a s required i n order t o introduce:
-- the corresponding numerical values (by means of ADIOS
punched tape) ;
-- patchboard connections (by manual operation).
The present report describes a system which w i l l make it possib l e t o automate these two operations; t h i s involves transforming an
IBM 026 cazd puncher t o allow punched-card input and output on an ADIm
console.
The system functions as follows:
lo) an APMEE output l i s t i n g will be transferred t o punched
cards after automatic code conversion, the compilation of the r e s u l t s
being suppressed. The automatic s e t t i n g of the coefficients i s immediate. The patchboard connections w i l l be r e a l i z e d semi-automatically
once the SATANAS system with the same modified IBM 026 as an input,
has been b u i l t .
2 O ) The analog computer can be interrogated i n the S t a t i c
T e s t by a pre-established punched-card program, and the ADIOS - 026 combination a l s o furnishes the answers on cards, thus suppressing a l l comp i l a t i o n s and making the numerical and patchboard checks extremely
rapid.
Thus, there is no need t o i n s i s t on the importance of this arrangement, which i s already functioning s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , f o r maximum
efficiency a.nd r a p i d i t y i n problem handling, and f o r the incorporation
of reversible s t a t i c coupling within the broader program of dynamic
coup ling.
A. Riotte
/2
.
FOREWORD
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
DESCRIPTION
2.1.
General Characteristics
2.2.
Block diagram f o r automatic control
2.3.
The ADIOS/IBM 026 system
3 - INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TBE IBM 026 AS AN INPUT-OUTRJT UNIT OF THE
ADIOS SYSTEM
4.
3.1.
Different automatic command signals
3.2.
S e t t i n g t h e potentiometers
3.3.
S.T.
3.4.
Other applications
3.5.
Manual controls
3.6.
List of ADIOS codes punched on a card
(Static t e s t )
TIlMlRy
4.1.
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of schematics
4.2.
Function of components
5. FUTURF: PROJECTS
5.1.
Automatic division by ten when Check value exceeds 100 V
5.2.
Automation of a l l remaining manual controls serving t o
prepare analog computers t o accept ADIOS control signals
5.3.
C R E S S r n II
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF ANALOG COMPUTEBS BY
MEANS OF PUNCHED CARDS
(Conversion of the ADIOS and the IBM 026)
Project CRFSSIDA I (Couplage REberSible Statique
D i g i t a l Analogue : Analog-digital reversible
s t a t i c coupling) Eref. 13
1.
INTRODUCTION
In the standard equipment of EA1 analog computers, the numerical
input i s the ADIOS (Automatic Digital Input Output System) console
which comprises an IBM-Electric typewriter and a tape reader and punch.
Given the evolution of the d i g i t a l -- analog coupling projects
as a whole, and i n p a r t i c u l a r the processing of t h e APACHE code on the
I B M 7090, f o r which the customary information-bearing medium i s the
punched card, it w a s a l s o reasonable t o envisage a card-fed input and
output system f o r the analog installation.
Here we describe how this conversion was achieved: the ADIOS
console was linked with an I B M 026 card punch, modified so that the
026 - ADIOS combination formed a unit capable of both reading and ins e r t i n g analog quantities on cards.
This arrangement has the advmtage of leaving each cmponent
a l l i t s inherent p o s s i b i l i t i e s , while a t t h e sane time allowing them
t o function i n combination: this is why the 026 system w i l l s t i l l be
available as an ordinasy card punch, w h i l e the ADIOS manual commands
remain effective. A combined system has now been achieved which conc r e t i z e s and automates the f i r s t stage of s t a t i c coupling made possible
by t h e existence of APACHE I1 language [ref. 21.
The d i g i t a l i n s t a l l a t i o n here comprises a large-capacity IBM
7090 (Fig. 3 ) , an a u x i l i a r y IBM 1401 (Fig. 4) functioning as a punchedcard input and output f o r the 7 0 9 , and an IBM 1620. Only the f i r s t
t w o machines are involved i n the s t a t i c coupling.
The analog i n s t a l l a t i o n comprises t w o "Electronic Associates"
[EA11 PACE 231 R (Fig. 2 ) , one ADIOS and one IBM 026 card punch linked
with ADIOS and capable of reading and punching cards i n ADIOS code.
2
D i g i t a l installation
-.
Analog i n s t a l l a t i o n
Fig. 1. Principal block d i a g r a m of
punched-card s t a t i c coupling.
2.
2.1.
DFSCRIPTION
General Characteristics
2.1.1.
Input f o r card-fed analog computers
The IBM 7090 automatically performs a long series of operations
prerequisite t o t h e study of a problem t r e a t e d on an analog computer
3
[ref. 21 and transmits t o the IBM 1401 the information required f o r
p r o g r e analog computers. Some of t h i s information w i l l be punched
on cards i n ADIOS code.
This information includes:
Operational modes f o r ADIOS.
Operational modes f o r computers.
Addresses and values of coefficients t o be inserted
automatica l l y .
The S.T.
2.1.2.
(static test).
Output f o r card-fed analog computers
Punched cards f o r t h e S.T. interrogate the computers on the
S.T. values, the values will be punched on cards i n ADIOS code by the
026.
These ca;rds w i l l be read l a t e r by the IBM 1401 and the informat i o n w i l l be transferred t o the IBM 7090 where the S t a t i c T e s t will be
verified.
2.2.
Block diagram f o r autamatic control
zi?u!m
Calculate coefficients
Calculate S.T. under
i n i t i a l condition
3.
1
7aM 1401
1
I) Punch operational modes
2)
f o r the A D I O S / O ~ ~ system
and the analog computers
Punch addresses and
values of coefficients
I
4
I
m
0
automatic
7
I B M 1401
n
3
M 1401
1)
2)
Punch operational modes
f o r the A D I O S / O ~ ~ syst e m and the computers
Punch S.T. addresses
1) Punch operational modes
f o r the A D I O S / O ~ ~ system
and the computers
2) Punch S.T. addresses and
values
I
------- 1
-- 1
I
t
----
I
9
I
IBM 026/ADIOs
Read 1) check modes
2) autamatic insertion
of coefficients
3 ) check modes
Punch S.T. values
I
IBM 026/ADIOs
Read 1) check modes
2) automatic i n s e r t i o n
of coefficients
3 ) checkmodes
4) check S.T.
I
Listing of a l l amplifiers
not corresponding with the
given value
I
analog computer
IBM 14O1/7090
- 1) punched casds with
Read
S.T. values
2) check S.T. t o compare
with analyzed problem
structure
,I
I
I
I
5
I
Yes
2.3.
The ADIOS/IBM
026 system
2.3.1.
The ADIOS is employed t o control t h e operations of the
PACE m o d e l 231 R analog computers by means of tapes punched i n ADIOS
code tapes punched i n IBM 3620 code Cref, 31 o r cards punched i n
ADIOS code, t h i s last input-output of the system being a medim by
far superior in performance t o a l l o t h e r s . The advantages gained
thereby are enormous.
Same of these advantages a r e as follows:
,
7090/1&1
a) P o s s i b i l i t y of s t a t i c coupling with the IBM 70% (IBM
has an input-output f o r cards but not for tape).
b) Code conversion is no longer required.
accepts the ADIE code by simple programming.)
(The LBM 7090/1b1
c ) Ease in compiling a program f o r reading outputs of the
problem treated, using a block of punched ca,rds that only needs t o be
punched once. (When using tape, the entire program would have t o be
repunched each time t o match the problem,)
d)
Ease i n compiling test routines f o r maintenance.
There i s no doubt that before long cards w i l l be t h e only inputoutput m e d i u m in use.
/10
6
2-3.2.
Four p r i n c i p a l functions of the ADIOS/IBM 026 system we:
a) Selection
ficients)
adjustment of potentiometers ( s e t t i n g coef-
-- 300 units i n om i n s t a l l a t i o n (cf. Fig. 8).
b)
Checking potentiometers (output)
.
c) Reading and punching outputs of a l l elements which ca.n
be selected by the ERO (Extended Readout system).
a)
2.3.3.
Checking computer modes.
The ADIOS/IBM 026 combination includes:
a) A draxer-mounted punched-tape reader (cf. Fig. 9 ) containing a l l the control keys as well as the keyboard a d typewriter
c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s . The tape reader functions as one of the ADIOS inputs.
b) A drawer-mounted tape punch containing the input and output d i s t r i b u t o r s , the information storage c i r c u i t s and the code control
r elays.
c ) A keyboard serves as a second system input, and i s employed as a d i r e c t computer control o r f o r preparing tape o r punched canis.
d) A typewriter which is a.n IRM-Electric model modified t o
receive information f r o m ADIOS c i r c u i t s . The typewriter i s employed
as a recording element and never controls the computers d i r e c t l y ; it
may, however, be occasionally used t o prepare punched tape o r punched
cards.
e ) R.C.V.D.
( R e m o t e Control Voltage Divider), which i s a
his unit is
reference iiigital-to-analog converter (D/A converter).
i n s t a l l e d behind the control desk and i s used t o s e t t h e potentiometers
and as a reference f o r non-automatic s t a t i c tests.
f ) IBM 026 punch. Originally used as a simple card punch
i n I B M code, it has been modified. like the ADIOS t o make it the t h i r d
input-output medim of the system.
/11
7
3 . INSTRUCTIONS FOR IRjING THE IBM 026 AS AN
INPUT-OUTPUT UNIT OF TBE ADIOS SYSTEM
3.1.
Different automatic command signals
3.1.1,
For 231 R computers
AD10s/026
Description
Signals
cs
Computer s e l e c t i o n order
NO
Nuaiber of computer t o be s e l e c t e d
(ADIOS can s e l e c t s i x )
RT
Rate Test
Ps
Pot s e t
ST
Static Test
IC
I n i t i a l Condition
m
Hold
OP
Operate
3.1.2.
Corresponding
IBM signals
2 6
For the ADIOS
Reset output d i s t r i b u t o r and typewriter
it
R e s e t output d i s t r i b u t o r but not
typewriter
/
8
[Table cont la. ]
TAB
Tabulation
SET
Mode for pot set
CHK
Mode f o r checking pot outputs
1 5
RD
Mode for s t a t i c test (S.T.)
2 5
PC
Program Completed.
3.1.3.
I
J
STOP reader
.
For the IRM 026
Control Signals
~
I
Description
RlLR 1.
Reader, automatic release 1
FAR 2.
Reader, automatic release 2
POFF
Punch, OFF
Only channels 1 t o 7 control the computers and the ADIOS
system,
C h e l s 12, 11and 0 control only the IBM 026.
Channels 8 and 9 ase not mea.
3.2.
Setting the p o t e n t i w t e r s
The function of the f i r s t punched card i s t o prepare the analog
computers and the ADIOS/O26 system automatically.
This card w i l l be punched in the following order:
9
1
BlJXlk
i?
CR
3
cs
4
NO
CR
Ps
RCY
SET
CR
RAR1
The other cards w i l l be punched in the following manner:
the potentiometer PO0 should be set at the value 1248.
Column
Signals
BLank
RCY
P
0
[Table cont'd.
on next page]
.
)
10
e Table cont d. 1
~-
Column
3.3.
S.T.
-~
Signals
5
0
6
TAB
7
1
8
2
9
4
10
8
11
TAB
I2
RAR1
(Static t e s t )
The f i r s t c a d again serves t o prepare the machines.
_ _ ~
~
[ T a b l e cont'd.
on next p a g e ]
11
[Table c0nt'd.f
The next t o Last signal i s a Program Completed (E) signal,
which enables the operator t o s e t the ADIOS system a t Punch. (It i s
hoped that this operation can %e made completely autamatical within
t h e next f e w weeks.)
After this step, the ADIOS is returned t o STBRT.
The following cards are made up of two cards i n succession,
one t o interrogate the computer (Input), aSa one i n which the computer punches the address and the required value (Output).
Example: What i s the output value of amplifier AO5?
Column
Signals
1
Blank
2
A
POFF
3
0
Porn
4
5 POFF
Computer
5
TAB POFF
input
6
!rAB POFF
card
7 t o 16
Blank
1-7
18
RCY
RAR1
i
The amplifier ~ 0 5
has 7963
Column
- as output value.
Signals
I
1
2
RAR1
3 to 5
Blank
6
A
7
0
8
5
9
TAB
10
7
11
9
I2
6
13
3
14
-
15
BLank
16
RCY
17
RAR2
output
card
A n input card will always be followed by an output card. A l
-l
of the output cards m u s t first be punched i n column 2
- by a RAR 1 sigrial and i n column 1-7 by a RAR 2 signal.
3.4.
It goes without saying t h a t once the coefficients have been set
/Is
and the S O T . casried out, the ADIOS/IBM 026 can serve f o r t h e automatic control o r checkout of a problem, A basic program of this kind
has already been elaborated at C2ETIS/CA!.
W s hxbudes cards capable
of interrogating t h e 850 selectable outputs of the 231 R computers
i n s t a l l e d a t CZTIS ,
On t h e basis of this program, a subprogram may be set up t o f i t
each specific problem, This sLibprogram may then be used e i t h e r t o refom the C Z ~ J - ~ S
==. t k c m,IZS t a - y ~ i i t e r ai Gie & of each probiem,
or as a t e s t routine each morning,
A t CETIS/CADI, a code conversion routine f o r t h e IBM 1401 bas
been worked out t o convert IBM codes t o ADIOS code.
3.5.
Ma,nual controls
A l l the manml controls of the computers and the ADIOS system
remain unaltered, b u t three n e w keys have been added.
.
Name of key
Function
326 Normal/
APACHE
2 positions
ADIOS
keyboard
~ o r m a l . IBM 026 becomes a
normal punch.
APACHE. It becomes an input-output unit in the
ADIOS system.
Punch
3 positions
Keyboard
ADIOS. Only the ADIOS
punch functions.
ADIOS/IBM 026. The ADIOS
punch and the IRM 026 punc:
both function.
IEM 026. Only the 026
punch functions.
Automatic
release
2 positions
Keyboard
RAR 1 for a signal in
channel 12.
RAR 2 f o r a signal in
chaanel 11.
14
3.6.
L i s t of ADIOS codes punched on a card
Signals
ControIs
Controls ADIOS
computers
-
! *
4
Blask
-
_.
8
5
0
X
1
X
2
X
X
3
X
X
4
X
X
5
X
X
6
x x
x x
X
7
X
8
X
9
X
X
A
B
C
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
D
X
X
E
X
X
F
X
X
X
9
G
X
X
X
H
x x
X
X
I
X
X
X
-[Table cont'd.
on next page]
[Table contld.]
L
Signals
Cor;tr oIs
IBM 026
Zoutro’is A D i E
computers
--
I2
11
0
1
2
X
X
X
3
X
4
-
7
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x x
X
X
X
[Table cont’d. on next page]
16
[Table cont'd.1
Signals
Controls
lBMo26
Controls ADIOS
computers
- -- 2
rr 5 6
5 -
I
RT
X
X
X
Ps
X
X
X
ST
X
X
X
X
X
X
IC
rn
X
X
X
X
OP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CR
RCY
X
TAB
SET
X
CHK
X
RD
X
Pc
X
RAR1
RAR2
POW
X
X
X
X
Blank.
4. THEORY
4.1.
Classification of schematics
n-------sc-,ea+--c pio, 1. f t r ) l ; - ~ n
n d
p u a i u--u u
r u u p K 3 schematic E W2
04805" i s a general schematic of the ADIOS system before modification.
Schematic No. 2. "SBM Wiring D i a g r a m No. 4281101" represents
a l l the wiring of the IBM 026 punch.
Schematic No. 3 . "CETIS 004020" represents the e n t i r e c i r c u i t r y of the I B M 0 2 6 / ~ ~ 1 mcombination.
4.2.
Function of components (Fig. V)
4.2.1.
Synchronization i s achieved by the three relays Rs1,
RS2, RS3 i n t h e upper left corner of schematic No. 3 .
A t time
a sequencing pulse from ADIOS energizes r e l a y RS1,
a t time
r e l a y FE2 is energized as well as the punch clutch
which commands the IBM 026 sequence,
a t time
r e l a y RS3 is energized and de-energizes r e l a y
RS1 for the duration of the pulse, thereby preventing the IBM 026 from
recycling more than once during a.n ADIOS sequence,
a t time 42 end of ADIOS pulse, de-energized.
4.2.2.
The IRM 026 card reader
Card reading i s carried o u t by means of the i n v e r t e r s R I 1 and
R I 2 and a buffer, shown on the left-hand side of schematic No, 3 . Inv e r t e r s RI1 and R I 2 are energized by switching the APACHE key t o "ON"
and serve t o disconnect the pin contacts of the punch magnets and connect them t o the buffer. The buffer, Fig. 6 and 7, i s a r e p l i c a of
the ADIOS card reader, the only difference being t h a t it is actuated
by relays instead of microswitches.
The buffer output i s connected d i r e c t l y to the reader code relays.
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
4.2.3.
The reader code relays
I.> BYdR 1 reader automatic release relay is energized by a
s i g n a l i n chmnel 12 o r 11 according t o the position 1 or 2 respectively of the RAR key; the relay has the e f f e c t of energizing the release
r e l a y 1 and positioning a new punched card under the reader.
2) ASR 1 anti-stop relay, This r e l a y prevents the reader
f r o m stopping in the middle of a cycle. If a stop s i g n a l i s given
during a sequence, the reader will stop j u s t afterwards.
4.2.4.
I B M 026 Cazd Reader
Components:
reader chassis.
R h and R41, i m e r t e r relays i n s t a l l e d i n the ADIOS
RI3, interver r e l a y i n s t a l l e d i n the IBM 026.
R1 t o R11, 480 ohm resistance.
These are shown i n the lower p a r t of schematic No. 3.
Relays R b , R41, and R13 a r e energized when the Punch key i s i n
the I B M 26 position. R b and R 4 1 make it possible t o disconnect t h e
ADIOS punch magnets logically. R l 3 makes it possible t o connect the
I B M 026 punch magnets i n p a r a l l e l with those of the ADIOS.
"he ADIOS pulses having su1 amplitude of 115 V it became necessary t o connect 480 R r e s i s t o r s i n s e r i e s with each IBM 026 punch
magnet, i n order t o create a potential drop of
50 V, since these
c o i l s were designed t o function i n s e r i e s with r e l a y 56, the whole
system being supplied with 130 V. 8elay 56 i s disconnected i n the
APACAE mode, since it can be used only with the normal IBM 026 printer.
4.2.5.
Card punch controls
1) The POFFR Punch O F F Relay is energized during the read cycle
t o punch i n the cha.nnel0; it controls the relay R I 3 which then disconnects the IBM 026 punch magnets.
The function of the c i r c u i t i s t o prevent punching of a s i g n a l
i n the reading zone of the next card, which a t that moment l i e s under
the punch,
2) During the punching cycle, it is the E M that controls the
synchronization and no longer the reader RCC.
/21
20
5.
FUTURE PROJECTS
5.1. Automatic division by t e n when Check value exceeds 100 V (Fig. 10)
(Now i n hand)
During the s t a t i c t e s t i n g of integrator input networks it often
happens t h a t this value exceeds 100 V, whereas the ADIOS can p r i n t only
four figures, i.e., a maximum of 9999 V.
n
Fj
Check Amplifier
Kl
Check
.
@&-
I
Bday
IC2
Fig. 10
tor
/27
21
Example : cog i s a t 124.56 + V (the sign i s placed d t e r the
value). ADIOS w 11 punch 2456 + wi-h i o o-her comment and this w i l l
later be interpreted as 24.56 + V.
To reas&- thk, we a r e consicering pians f o r a detector suffic i e n t l y s e n s i t i v e t o be able t o energize a r e l a y I(z when t h e value of
the check amplifier output i s between 99.99 and 99.97.
Contact 2 of r e l a y X 2 connects t h e 100 kilohm r e s i s t o r i n
opposition t o t h e amplifier and divides the input by ten; contact b
displaces the decimal point on t h e DVM readout; contact 2 energizes
the scale r e l a y i n the ADIOS which, after modification, w i l l punch an
E3 a f t e r the value read, i.e., i n the preceding example we shall have
i n APACHE language this w i l l mem multiplyirg that value
1245 + EI
by ten.
5.2. Automation of a l l rema.ining manual controls serving t o prepare
analog computers t o accept ADIOS control signals
These control keys are installed on:
1) the computer
DVM switch
TP of Mode control
2) the ADIOS system
Record
Readout
Punch Type
- 3 . CRESSIDA I1 (Couplage REkerSible Statique D i g i t a l Analogue)
€ s t a t i c reversite d i g i t a l analog coupling] [ref. 11
This w i l l make it possible t o study the determination and organization of t h e input and output c i r c u i t s of the ADIOS system, thereby
opening the way f o r a d i r e c t approach t o potentiometer s e t t i n g and S.T.
c o n t r o l without going through the punched cards.
/28
I
.
22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. A. RIOTTE
Rapport C E T I S No. 33 [CETIS Report No. 333
"~AJDIDE" Plan d'ensemble sur les developpements possibles du couplage des c a l c u h t e u r s analogiques e t digitaux du CETIS
[Overall plan on possible developments i n
combining analog and d i g i t a l computers,
CETISf
.
2.
A. DEBROUX, H. D'HOOP,
G. DEL BIGIO, C. GREEN
3 . A. VAN WAUVE
FARADAY TRANSLATIONS
15 PARKROW
NEW YORK 38, N. Y.
CETIS Report No. 30.
APACHE code, designed f o r programming an
analog problem on a d i g i t a l computer.
C E T I S Report No. 22.
Conversion of ADIOS t o APACHE code.
23
APPENDIX OF CAPTIONS TO FIGURES NOT INCLUDED
2.
L
l7
: ~
n5 .
Lecte-m = 3eaiier; Perforatem = Punch.
Fig. 3 .
Fig. 4.
Fig. 6.
B u f f e r of I3M 026 reader, synchronization relays, inverters,
control relays.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
D r a w e r type module of 50 automatic s e t t i n g potentiometers.
Fig. 9.
Reader Chassis of ADIOS.
Schematic D i a g r a m No. 1
2
3