Analog Computer Training Equipment — Mode of Operation, Type 35 957: Device Description and Operating Instructions

This is an English translation of the original German document (PEK Electronic, 1971).

Title Page (p. 1)

PEK Electronic

Training Equipment — Analog Computer Mode of Operation — Type 35 957

Device and Functional Description Operating Instructions

(Planning No. 6910 – 76839) Supply No. 6930-12-152-1486

Prepared by Dr.-Ing. Paul E. Klein, Tettnang

PEK Order No. 39507.1 1st Edition 1971

Table of Contents (p. 2)

(1st Edition, Order No. 39507.1)

Introduction
- 1.1 Purpose of the author (Preface) — L 1553 S.1
- 1.2 Introduction to the mode of operation of an analog computer — L 1354 S.1
- 1.3 Symbols for components of an analog computer — L 1353 S.1
- 1.4 Comparison of components of an analog computer — L 1353 S.1
- 1.5 Construction and operating principles of the analog computer — L 1356 S.1–2
- 1.6 Notes on the elements used in the analog computer — L 1260 S.1, 1–4
- 1.7 Comparison of analog and digital computers — L 1260 S.3
- 1.8 Application areas of analog and digital computing — L 1260 S.3
Basic Exercises
- 2.1 Generation of a time-proportional voltage — A 1550 S.1–4, 1–1, 1–2
- 2.2 The sign change — A 1551 S.1–4
Practical Exercises (Fundamentals)
- 3.1 Working with the analog computer (I) — A 1352 S.1–4, 1–4, 1–4
- 3.2 Working with the analog computer (II) — A 1353 S.1–2, 1–2, 1–2
- 3.3 Summing with the analog computer (III) — A 1383 S.1–2, 1–2
- 3.4 The integrator — A 1353 S.1–2
- 3.5 The integrator (II) — A 1353 S.1–3
- 3.5 Parabolic multiplier — A 1356 S.1–4, 1–1
- 3.7 Servo-multiplier — A 1387 S.1–5, 1–3

(Table of contents continues on p. 3)

Further Examples
- 4.1 Build-up and mode of operation of a PID controller (experiment) — A 1360 S.1–8, 1–1, 1–4
- 4.2 The analog computer as a training and demonstration device for control engineering (Demonstration lecture) — A 1362 S.7–19
- 4.2.1 Step response at the input of an integrator
- 4.2.2 Change of the damping input
- 4.2.3 Change of the eigen frequency
- 4.2.4 Step response at the input of a control loop
- 4.2.2.1 Step response at the input of a PID controller
- 4.2.2.2 Change of the tracking bandwidth
- 4.2.3 Verification of a PID controller
- 4.2.4 Overshoot of a PID controller
General
- 5.1 Differential equation (Introduction) and its handling — L 1112 S.1
- 5.2 Differential equations and their operational relationship — L 1112 S.1
- 5.3 Fundamentals of simple control circuits — L 2310 S.1–8
- 5.4 Terms for control problems according to DIN 19226 — L 2300 S.1
- 5.5 Technical vocabulary — L 1350 S.3

Introduction (p. 4)

To work with an analog computer, one needs a range of mathematical knowledge; in particular, a knowledge of differential equations is necessary, so that problems can also be reliably solved with it. Differential equations are also the basis for working with computers.

Despite this, the functions of an analog computer are accessible to everyone with basic technical knowledge. Even without mathematical knowledge, one can understand the basic mode of operation in principle; one simply knows that the operations are performed by the machine. The technical advantages and application possibilities can thus be demonstrated and the machine used for the synthesis of any problem.

This handbook is intended to serve as a guide for instructors and students who are becoming familiar with the operation of an analog computer. Above all, it is intended to provide easy guidance, even in how to set up and connect circuits, and to clarify the operation of the program on the computer and in the laboratory.

The book by Paul E. Klein “Introduction to Analog Computing Technique” (Stoll, Technik-Schule Wolfburg) is given as a basis for those who want to acquire deeper knowledge. In it, the reader will find the necessary (not previously acquired) mathematical knowledge that is needed, and the text of this brochure “Introduction to the Analog Computer Technique” forms the textual basis of the analog computer.

Paul E. Klein December 1971

The Educational Significance of the Analog Computer (p. 5)

The educational significance of an analog computer stems from its ability to use a teaching medium on all fields of technology.

Analog models are useful tools for the analysis of technical problems and for construction and design tasks. In electrical engineering, in fluid mechanics, in control technology and in mechanical engineering, analog simulations can be used to quickly and inexpensively reveal fundamental working methods. It shows a basic manner of working and its elements; it demonstrates the important Einzel-Circuits and the interrelationship of the Einzel-circuits with one another in a clear way to the student. The student is given an insight into the more fundamental Entwicklung of technical developments, and in general, the effect of the individual circuit has been considered.

In technology, more and more mechanical processes are being replaced by electronic systems, and the right training in electronics is not only the development of electronics that has taken place in recent years, but in turn, the influence of electronics on other fields of technology can be better understood.

The analog computer as an interdisciplinary tool is an especially important teaching medium for revealing the structure of complex processes and their dynamics. It enables the student to set up, simulate, and thus verify a proposed system by quickly varying the parameters, which opens the opportunity to an extremely creative design of the instructional process in technical subjects, especially in technical schools, polytechnic schools, and vocational schools.

Analog Computer: Symbols for Components (p. 6)

Component	Symbol	Function
1. Potentiometer	yₑ → (α) → yₐ	yₐ = α · yₑ
2. Operational amplifier (with feedback)	yₑ → (−v) → yₐ	yₐ = f(yₑ)
3. Operational amplifier (without feedback)	yₑ → (triangle) → yₐ	yₐ >> yₑ (V→∞); As inverter: yₐ = −yₑ
4. Summing amplifier	yₑ₁, yₑ₂ → (c) → yₐ	yₐ = −(C₁·yₑ₁ + C₂·yₑ₂)
5. Integrator	yₑ → (triangle, y₀) → yₐ	yₐ = −C∫yₑ·dt + y₀
6. Multiplier	yₑ₁, yₑ₂ → (M) → yₐ	yₐ = yₑ₁ · yₑ₂
7. Divider	yₑ₁, yₑ₂ → (D) → yₐ	yₐ = yₑ₁ : yₑ₂
8. Comparator	yₑ₁, yₑ₂, yS₁, yS₂ → (J) → yₐ	yₐ = yₑ₁ if yS₁ + yS₂ > 0; yₐ = yₑ₂ if yS₁ + yS₂ < 0
9. Function generator	yₑ → (f-curve block) → yₐ	yₐ = f(yₑ)

December 1971, L 1353.1 – S.1

Parts List of the PEK Analog Computer Kit (p. 7)

1. PEK Teaching Boards (Forest GNB A 5)

Item	Description	Type
1	Power supply	Typ 34071/A3
1	Potentiometer	Typ 38501
2	Summing amplifiers	Typ 38502
1	Parabolic multiplier	Typ 38504
1	Programming board	Typ 38505
1	Servo-multiplier	Typ 38506
1	Motor/function generator	Typ 38507
1	Operating instructions and control	Typ 38503
1	Output/display board	Typ 38508

2. PEK Accessories

Qty	Description	Type
1	Cable	Typ 4938
2	Cables	Typ 4939
1	Cable	Typ 4940
50	Connection cables 30 cm	Typ 39110
2	Connection cables 30 cm	Typ 39111
5	Connection cables 100 cm	Typ 39112
2	Resistors 2.2 MΩ	Typ 39104 / 2.2 MΩ, 1W
2	Resistors 10 MΩ	Typ 39104 / 10 MΩ, 1W
2	Resistors 15 MΩ	Typ 39104 / 15 MΩ, 1W
2	Resistors 3.3 MΩ	Typ 39104 / 3.3 MΩ
4	Resistors (value unclear)	—
4	Condensers	Typ 39113 / 0.1 µF, 160 V
4	Condensers	Typ 39113 / 0.5 µF, 160 V
4	Condensers	Typ 39113 / 1 µF, 160 V
6	Condensers	Typ 39113 / 5 µF, 160 V
180	Connection cables	Typ 39124 / 50 cm
72	Connection cables	Typ 39124 / 30 cm
15	Connection cables	Typ 39124 / 100 cm

(Connection cables available in colors: white, green, yellow, blue, red, violet)

3. Instruments

Qty	Description	Type
1	Assembly/troubleshooting demonstration board	Typ 34211
1	Technical instruction manual — 5 m	(In Aufbewahrkasten)
1	Schoolboard, Format GNB A 5	Typ 6963

January 1972, L 1355 – S.1

[Translation covers all 7 pages of the original document — this is the complete document.]